Environmental Risk Management of Pharmaceuticals: Comparative Global Practices

Abstract

Introduction: Pharmaceutical waste significantly contributes to environmental pollution. Improper disposal practices result in the release of active pharmaceutical ingredients into water and soil, threatening biodiversity, promoting antimicrobial resistance, and posing public health risks. Addressing these complex and growing challenges requires a coordinated, multi-stakeholder, and systemic approach supported by evidence-based policies and sustainable practices. Methodology: This study conducts a comparative analysis of pharmaceutical waste management practices and legislative frameworks in selected European countries. The research focuses on systems for collecting and disposing of expired and unused medications, examining the roles of pharmacies, governmental bodies, and the pharmaceutical industry across different institutional and socioeconomic contexts. Results: The comparative analysis of pharmaceutical waste management systems in European countries reveals significant differences in organization, government involvement, and funding mechanisms. Centralized models, such as in France and Spain, are well-regulated and heavily rely on public-private collaboration. In contrast, decentralized systems, like Finland, emphasize local government participation. Countries like Hungary and Romania are still transitioning, facing challenges in public engagement and regulatory enforcement. Conclusion: To enhance sustainability in pharmaceutical waste management, the study recommends improving public education, investing in infrastructure, promoting professional training, and establishing unified legal frameworks that engage all stakeholders. These measures are essential for protecting environmental and public health and promoting more responsible pharmaceutical practices worldwide.